What Is CTP Insurance in Australia?

1. What Is CTP Insurance? A Clear Definition

Compulsory Third Party (CTP) insurance is a mandatory form of motor vehicle insurance in Australia that covers your legal liability for injuries or death caused to another person in a motor vehicle accident. If you, or someone driving your vehicle, cause an accident that injures another driver, a passenger, a pedestrian, or a cyclist, CTP insurance helps pay for their medical treatment, rehabilitation, lost income, and—in the most serious cases—ongoing care or compensation to their family.

CTP insurance does not cover damage to vehicles or property. It is purely designed to protect people from the financial consequences of road‑related injuries. In practical terms, if you accidentally hit another car, CTP will help cover the other driver‘s hospital bills, but it will not pay a cent to repair either vehicle. Repair costs fall to optional policies such as third party property damage or comprehensive insurance.

Why Is It Called a “Green Slip” in NSW?

The name “green slip” dates back decades to when the Roads and Traffic Authority in NSW used colour‑coded paper forms for different registration requirements: a pink slip for safety inspections, a blue slip for first‑time registrations, and a green slip for CTP insurance. The paper forms are long gone, but the names stuck. Today, a “green slip” is simply NSW’s everyday name for CTP insurance. In the ACT, a similar policy is called Motor Accident Injuries (MAI) insurance.

The Core Purpose

At its heart, CTP insurance exists because the financial consequences of a serious injury accident can be catastrophic. Without CTP, an at‑fault driver could be personally liable for hundreds of thousands—or even millions—of dollars in medical bills, rehabilitation costs, and lost income compensation. CTP transfers that risk to an insurer, ensuring that injured people receive the care they need regardless of the at‑fault driver‘s personal wealth. In Victoria, for example, the TAC pays an average of $170,000 for each road death and an average of $2.25 million for each serious injury such as traumatic brain or spinal injuries.

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2. What Does CTP Insurance Cover? (And What It Absolutely Does Not)

Understanding the precise scope of CTP cover is essential to avoid dangerous gaps in your financial protection.

✅ What CTP Insurance Covers

CTP insurance covers the costs associated with personal injury to third parties in a motor accident for which you, or another driver of your vehicle, are liable. These costs typically include:

• Medical treatment and hospital expenses – including emergency care, surgery, ongoing treatment, and medication

• Rehabilitation services – physiotherapy, occupational therapy, and other recovery‑focused care

• Lost income – a percentage of pre‑injury weekly earnings if the injured person cannot work

• Ongoing care – in cases of catastrophic or permanent injury, CTP can fund long‑term care and support

• Funeral expenses and compensation to dependants – if someone dies as a result of the accident

• Travel and accommodation – for family members visiting hospitalised individuals who live more than 100 km away (in some schemes)

The specific benefits and limits vary by state, but the fundamental purpose is the same across Australia: to ensure that people injured in road accidents receive necessary medical and financial support without needing to sue the at‑fault driver personally.

Who Is Covered as a “Third Party”?

A third party can include:

• Other drivers and their passengers

• Your own passengers

• Pedestrians

• Cyclists

• Motorcyclists

• Any other road user

Importantly, whether you, as the driver, are covered for your own injuries depends entirely on the state’s fault scheme, which we explore in detail in Section 5.

❌ What CTP Insurance Does NOT Cover

The exclusions are just as important as the inclusions. CTP insurance never covers:

• Damage to your own vehicle – not a single scratch, dent, or write‑off is covered

• Damage to another person’s vehicle or property – fences, buildings, letterboxes, and other cars are excluded

• Theft of your vehicle

• Fire or weather damage (hail, flood, storm, bushfire)

• Vandalism

• Your own medical expenses – unless you are in a no‑fault state or qualify under specific at‑fault driver provisions

In short, if the loss involves property rather than personal injury, CTP is irrelevant. For vehicle damage, you need third party property damage or comprehensive insurance.

Financial expert’s warning: Many drivers mistakenly believe CTP covers vehicle damage because the word “third party” appears in the name. It does not. Driving with only CTP insurance means you have no cover at all for damage to any car—yours or someone else’s. An at‑fault collision that injures no one but writes off two cars would leave you personally liable for both repair bills.

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3. How Much Does CTP Insurance Cost in Australia? (2025–2026)

CTP insurance costs vary enormously by state, by vehicle type, by where you live, and—in some states—by which insurer you choose. The table below summarises typical CTP costs for a standard passenger vehicle (private use) across Australia in 2025–2026.

State / Territory	Typical Annual CTP Cost (2025–2026)	Purchase Method
New South Wales	$432 – $481 (varies by insurer)	Separate “green slip” purchased before rego
Victoria	$552.20 (high‑risk zone)	Included in rego as TAC charge
Queensland	$390.80 – $405.80 (Class 1 vehicle)	Choose insurer at registration
South Australia	$262.07 (cheapest metro)	Competitive CTP regime with choice of insurer
Western Australia	$505	Included in rego
Tasmania	Included in rego	No separate cost published
Northern Territory	Included in rego	No separate cost published
Australian Capital Territory	Included in rego (MAI scheme)	No separate cost published

New South Wales (Green Slip)

In NSW, you can choose from six licensed CTP insurers, and prices vary significantly. As of 2025, typical green slip premiums for a standard private passenger vehicle were:

Insurer	Premium (approx.)
Youi	$432
QBE	$433.24
NRMA	$436.28
GIO	$479.24
AAMI	$480.72
Allianz	$481

Source: Forbes Advisor, 2025 data

However, your actual price will differ based on personal rating factors: vehicle type, vehicle age, garaging postcode, driver age, and driving history. Insurers also add a Fund Levy to the premium, which varies by zone: in 2026, the levy was $169 for a Sydney metro vehicle versus $130 for a country vehicle. The levy covers initial ambulance and hospital fees, plus long‑term treatment and care for people with severe injuries.

Average NSW CTP premiums rose by approximately $35 (7%) in 2024–2025, but after significant reforms in 2017, average premiums dropped by $399 overall, falling from 37% to 23% of average weekly earnings.

Victoria (TAC Charge)

In Victoria, CTP is called the Transport Accident Charge (TAC) and is included in your vehicle registration fee. You cannot choose a different insurer; the TAC is a government‑run no‑fault scheme. For 2025–2026, the TAC charge for a standard passenger vehicle in a high‑risk zone (based on postcode) is $552.20 per year, inclusive of the TAC charge, insurance duty, and GST. The TAC premiums are indexed to the Consumer Price Index (CPI) on 1 July each year.

The cost depends on three factors:

• Vehicle type and use – passenger vehicle, goods vehicle, motorcycle, special‑use vehicle

• Postcode risk zone – high, medium, or low

• Eligible discounts – pensioners, concession card holders, and eligible apprentices may pay less

Queensland

Queensland has three licensed CTP insurers, and premiums are set for different vehicle classes. For a Class 1 vehicle (cars and station wagons), the annual CTP premium is approximately $390.80 – $405.80. For 4‑cylinder vehicles, premiums range from $840.70 to $847.70; for 1, 2 or 3‑cylinder vehicles (including electric and steam vehicles), premiums are $761.05–$768.05. Class 1 CTP premiums increased by between $4 and $19 across the three insurers in 2025.

South Australia

South Australia operates a competitive CTP insurance regime. For the 2025–2026 financial year, the cheapest CTP premium offered for metropolitan‑based private passenger vehicles is $262.07 – an increase of just $1.36 for the year. For vehicles based outside the metro area, the cheapest premium increased by only 31 cents. Thanks to the competitive regime introduced in 2017, owners of an average four‑cylinder car in the metro area now pay almost $150 less per year than they did at the scheme‘s introduction in 2019—a saving of 36%.

Western Australia

WA’s Motor Injury Insurance charge is $505 for a 12‑month period for a normal motor vehicle in 2025–2026. CTP is included in the vehicle registration fee, and drivers cannot choose a different insurer.

Australian Capital Territory

The ACT operates a Motor Accident Injuries (MAI) scheme, which is a no‑fault CTP scheme introduced in 2020. The cost is included in your vehicle registration fee, and you cannot choose a separate insurer.

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4. State‑by‑State Comparison: Purchase Method, Insurer Choice, and Fault Rules

The table below provides a high‑level summary of how CTP insurance works in each Australian jurisdiction.

State / Territory	Purchase Method	Can You Choose Insurer?	Fault Scheme	At‑Fault Driver Cover?
NSW	Separate green slip before rego	✅ Yes – 6 insurers	No‑fault	Limited benefits (up to 52 weeks)
VIC	Included in rego (TAC charge)	❌ No – government scheme	No‑fault	✅ Full cover
QLD	Choose insurer at registration	✅ Yes – 3 insurers	At‑fault (partly)	❌ No, unless partly not at fault
SA	Choose insurer at registration	✅ Yes – 5 insurers	At‑fault	❌ No, unless partly not at fault
WA	Included in rego	❌ No	At‑fault (strict)	❌ No
TAS	Included in rego	❌ No	No‑fault	✅ Full cover
NT	Included in rego	❌ No	No‑fault	✅ Full cover
ACT	Included in rego (MAI scheme)	❌ No	No‑fault	✅ Full cover (up to 5 years)

Detailed State‑by‑State Notes

New South Wales

NSW operates a no‑fault CTP scheme, meaning all injured people are covered regardless of who caused the accident, unless the driver was charged with a serious driving offence (such as drink‑driving). If you are at fault, you are still entitled to up to 52 weeks of benefits, including a percentage of your pre‑injury weekly income, reasonable treatment and rehabilitation expenses, and commercial attendant care if needed. You must purchase a green slip before you can register your vehicle.

Victoria

Victoria’s Transport Accident Commission (TAC) is a no‑fault scheme. Regardless of fault, any person injured in a transport accident in Victoria can claim medical care, rehabilitation, income support, and, in eligible cases, lump sum compensation. The TAC supported 43,000 individuals in the past year. Notably, fatal cases have risen, with 295 lives lost on Victoria’s roads last year—an increase of 22.4%. CTP is automatically included in your registration fee.

Queensland

Queensland has an at‑fault (partly no‑fault) scheme. To make a successful CTP claim, you must be wholly or partly not at fault for the collision. If you are entirely at fault, you cannot claim benefits for your own injuries. However, Queensland introduced the first compulsory third‑party scheme in Australia back in 1936, and it remains widely recognised as a robust system. You choose your insurer from three licensed providers at the time of registration.

South Australia

South Australia operates a competitive CTP regime with five government‑approved insurers. Like Queensland, it is an at‑fault scheme – if you cause an accident, you generally cannot claim CTP benefits for your own injuries. However, the scheme has delivered significant savings to drivers, with premiums dropping substantially since 2017 reforms.

Western Australia

WA has a strict fault‑based system. In most cases, drivers need to prove that the other driver was at fault to seek compensation for their own injuries. CTP is included in the registration fee, and drivers cannot choose a different insurer.

Tasmania and Northern Territory

Both Tasmania and the Northern Territory include CTP in the registration fee and operate no‑fault schemes. Any person injured in a road accident can claim medical treatment, rehabilitation, and lost income support regardless of fault.

Australian Capital Territory

The ACT’s Motor Accident Injuries (MAI) scheme is a no‑fault scheme introduced in 2020. It provides up to five years of medical treatment, care, and replacement of lost income for anyone injured in a road accident, including the at‑fault driver. CTP (MAI) is included in the registration fee, and drivers cannot choose a separate insurer.

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5. No‑Fault vs At‑Fault Schemes: Why It Matters for You

One of the most important distinctions between states is whether CTP operates on a no‑fault or at‑fault basis. This determines whether you are covered for your own injuries if you cause an accident.

No‑Fault Schemes (VIC, TAS, NT, ACT, plus NSW with limitations)

In a no‑fault scheme, any person injured in a road accident is entitled to benefits, regardless of who was at fault. This means that even if you caused the accident, you can still claim medical treatment, rehabilitation, and income support. No‑fault schemes provide a safety net for all road users.

Examples: Victoria‘s TAC, Tasmania, the Northern Territory, and the ACT’s MAI scheme all operate as genuine no‑fault schemes. NSW also operates a no‑fault scheme, but at‑fault drivers receive less compensation than in a pure no‑fault state: they are limited to 26 or 52 weeks of benefits rather than lifelong care.

At‑Fault (Fault‑Based) Schemes (QLD, SA, WA)

In an at‑fault scheme, the driver who is at fault generally cannot claim CTP benefits for their own injuries. Only innocent parties (those not at fault, or partly not at fault) can claim. If you cause an accident and are entirely at fault, you are responsible for your own medical expenses and lost income, unless you have separate health insurance or income protection.

Examples: Queensland, South Australia, and Western Australia operate fault‑based schemes. In Queensland, to make a successful CTP claim, you must be wholly or partly not at fault. In WA, the system is even stricter – most drivers must prove the other driver was at fault to seek compensation.

Catastrophic Injury Exception

Importantly, all four states with at‑fault schemes cover anyone injured in a road accident, including at‑fault drivers, if they suffer catastrophic permanent injuries, such as spinal cord injuries or traumatic brain injuries. This ensures that even at‑fault drivers receive lifetime care for the most devastating injuries.

At‑Fault Driver Protection Add‑Ons

In NSW, some insurers (such as NRMA) offer at‑fault driver protection cover as a free add‑on to CTP insurance. This add‑on pays out lump sums for serious injuries like paraplegia or losing a limb, even if you were at fault. Similar add‑ons may be available in other states, but they are not universal.

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6. How to Buy CTP Insurance (By State)

Because CTP rules differ so significantly, the buying process depends entirely on where you live.

If You Live in NSW

You must purchase a green slip before you can register your vehicle or renew your registration. You can buy a green slip online from any of the six licensed CTP insurers (Youi, QBE, NRMA, GIO, AAMI, Allianz) or use a comparison service such as Greenslips 4 Earth or the NSW Government’s Green Slip Price Check website. Once purchased, the insurer automatically notifies Transport for NSW (TfNSW), and you can then complete your registration online.

If You Live in Victoria, WA, TAS, or NT

CTP insurance is included in your vehicle registration fee. You do not need to take any separate action to purchase CTP; you simply pay your registration, and the CTP component (TAC charge in Victoria, Motor Injury Insurance in WA) is included automatically. You cannot choose a different insurer.

If You Live in QLD, SA, or the ACT

You choose your CTP insurer at the time of registering your vehicle or renewing your registration. In QLD, you can choose from three licensed CTP insurers; in SA, from five; in the ACT, you cannot choose an insurer (the MAI scheme is government‑run, but it is purchased as part of registration). In QLD and SA, you can also change your CTP insurer online during the registration period, with the change taking effect at the start of the next registration period.

What If You Move Interstate?

If you move to a different state, you must register your vehicle in your new state of residence and obtain CTP insurance according to that state’s rules. CTP policies are state‑specific and do not transfer across borders. If you are driving a vehicle registered in one state but living in another, you may need to update your registration and CTP cover to remain compliant.

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7. CTP Insurance vs Comprehensive vs Third Party Property Damage

One of the most common sources of confusion is the difference between CTP, third party property damage, and comprehensive insurance. The table below clarifies the distinctions.

Feature	CTP Insurance	Third Party Property Damage	Comprehensive Insurance
Mandatory?	✅ Yes – by law	❌ No	❌ No
Covers injuries to others	✅ Yes	❌ No	❌ No
Covers damage to other vehicles	❌ No	✅ Yes	✅ Yes
Covers damage to property (fences, buildings)	❌ No	✅ Yes	✅ Yes
Covers damage to your own vehicle	❌ No	❌ No	✅ Yes
Covers theft of your vehicle	❌ No	❌ No	✅ Yes
Covers fire or weather damage	❌ No	❌ No	✅ Yes
Typical annual cost	$260 – $550 (state‑dependent)	$300 – $800+	$1,000 – $2,500+

Source: Synthesised from QBE, AAMI, and iSelect data

Key Takeaways

• CTP is not optional – you cannot register a vehicle without it.

• CTP does not cover any form of property damage – not to your car, not to anyone else‘s car.

• Third party property damage covers the damage your car does to other vehicles and property, but not your own car’s damage.

• Comprehensive insurance covers damage to your own car, damage to other cars and property, theft, fire, weather events, and often includes extras like hire car after an accident.

Financial expert’s advice: Driving with only CTP insurance is a significant financial risk. If you cause an accident that damages another vehicle (even without injuring anyone), you are personally liable for the repair costs – which can easily exceed $10,000 or even $50,000 for newer vehicles. At a minimum, consider third party property damage insurance if your car is of modest value. For most drivers with vehicles worth more than $5,000–$10,000, comprehensive insurance is strongly recommended.

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8. Real‑World Claims Examples

Understanding how CTP works in practice helps clarify its value.

Example 1 – No‑Fault Scheme (Victoria)

A driver in Melbourne runs a red light and collides with another vehicle. The at‑fault driver suffers a broken leg and requires surgery and physiotherapy. The other driver suffers whiplash and misses six weeks of work.

• Outcome: Victoria‘s TAC no‑fault scheme covers both drivers’ medical treatment, rehabilitation, and lost income, regardless of fault. The at‑fault driver’s own injuries are covered, and the innocent driver‘s injuries are covered. Neither driver pays out of pocket for their medical expenses.

Example 2 – At‑Fault Scheme (Queensland)

A driver in Brisbane fails to give way at an intersection and hits another car. The at‑fault driver suffers a fractured wrist. The innocent driver suffers a concussion and misses three months of work.

• Outcome: Queensland’s at‑fault scheme covers the innocent driver’s medical treatment, rehabilitation, and lost income because they are not at fault. However, the at‑fault driver cannot claim CTP benefits for their own fractured wrist, because they were wholly at fault. They must rely on their own health insurance or pay out of pocket.

Example 3 – Catastrophic Injury Exception (Any At‑Fault State)

A driver in South Australia loses control of their vehicle on a wet road and crashes into a tree. The driver suffers a permanent spinal cord injury resulting in paraplegia. They were entirely at fault.

• Outcome: Even in an at‑fault state like SA, the driver is covered for catastrophic permanent injuries (spinal cord injury). The CTP scheme provides lifetime medical care, rehabilitation, and attendant care. This exception exists to ensure that even at‑fault drivers are not left without support for the most devastating injuries.

Example 4 – What CTP Does Not Cover (All States)

A driver in NSW rear‑ends another vehicle at low speed. No one is injured, but the at‑fault driver’s car suffers $8,000 in damage, and the other driver’s car suffers $12,000 in damage.

• Outcome: CTP insurance pays nothing because there are no injuries. The at‑fault driver is personally liable for both repair bills – a total of $20,000. This is why third party property damage or comprehensive insurance is essential, even if you are a safe driver.

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9. Seven Expert Strategies to Manage Your CTP Insurance

Even though CTP is mandatory, you still have options to control costs and ensure you are getting the best deal where choice exists.

1. Compare Insurers in States That Allow Choice (NSW, QLD, SA)

In NSW, QLD, and SA, you can choose your CTP insurer. Premiums can differ by $50 or more between providers. Always compare quotes from all licensed insurers before purchasing. In NSW, use the government’s Green Slip Price Check website or a comparison service like Greenslips 4 Earth. In QLD and SA, compare quotes online at registration renewal time.

2. Understand the Factors That Affect Your Premium (NSW)

In NSW, green slip prices vary based on:

• Vehicle type and age – newer, safer vehicles may attract lower premiums

• Garaging postcode – higher‑risk urban areas generally cost more

• Driver age and driving history – younger drivers and those with demerit points may pay more

• Fund Levy – this component varies by zone (metro vs country)

If your circumstances change (you move to a lower‑risk postcode, an older driver becomes the primary driver, or demerit points are removed), your premium may decrease at the next renewal.

3. Pay Annually, Not in Instalments

In states where CTP is purchased separately (NSW, QLD, SA), paying the annual premium upfront avoids monthly payment fees or interest charges, which can add 5–10% to the total cost.

4. Bundle Policies for Multi‑Policy Discounts (NSW)

Some NSW CTP insurers offer a multi‑policy discount if you hold other policies with them (such as comprehensive car insurance, home and contents, or life insurance). For example, GIO offers a 10% multi‑policy discount for three or more eligible policies. This discount applies to your green slip premium, providing a direct saving on a mandatory expense.

5. Review Your Green Slip Annually (NSW)

Never auto‑renew your green slip without checking other insurers‘ prices first. Because NSW CTP insurers can change their prices several times a year under the “file and write” system, the cheapest insurer today may not be the cheapest next year. A five‑minute comparison could save you $50 or more.

6. Understand Your State’s Fault Rules and Consider Add‑Ons

If you live in an at‑fault state (QLD, SA, WA), you have no CTP cover for your own injuries if you cause an accident (unless you suffer catastrophic injuries). Consider whether you need additional personal injury cover through your health insurance, income protection insurance, or a CTP add‑on (where available). In NSW, at‑fault driver protection is offered as a free add‑on by some insurers – check whether your policy includes it.

7. Do Not Rely on CTP Alone

CTP is the legal minimum, not a complete insurance solution. Every Australian driver should hold at least third party property damage insurance to cover damage to other people’s vehicles and property. For most drivers, comprehensive insurance offers the best value and peace of mind, protecting your own vehicle against collision damage, theft, fire, and weather events.

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10. Frequently Asked Questions

Is CTP insurance the same in every state?

No. CTP rules differ significantly by state, including how you purchase it (separate vs included in rego), whether you can choose your insurer, whether the scheme is no‑fault or at‑fault, and what benefits are payable. Always check your state’s specific requirements.

Do I need CTP insurance if I have comprehensive insurance?

Yes. CTP insurance is mandatory and separate from comprehensive insurance. Even if you have a comprehensive policy, you must still have a valid CTP policy to register your vehicle. Comprehensive insurance covers vehicle damage and property damage, but it does not replace the mandatory personal injury cover provided by CTP.

What happens if I drive without CTP insurance?

Driving without CTP insurance is illegal. Penalties vary by state but typically include significant fines, licence suspension, and vehicle impoundment. If you cause an accident without CTP, you are personally liable for all injury‑related costs – which can run into the millions of dollars for serious injuries.

Does CTP cover me if I am injured while driving for work?

CTP covers injuries sustained in a motor vehicle accident regardless of whether you were driving for work or personal purposes, subject to the state’s fault rules. However, if you are at fault in an at‑fault state, you may not be covered for your own injuries. Separate workers‘ compensation may also apply if you were driving for work purposes.

Can I get a refund on my CTP insurance if I sell my car?

In most states, CTP insurance is tied to the vehicle registration. If you sell your car, you can generally cancel your CTP policy and receive a pro‑rata refund for the unused portion, minus any applicable administration fees. Check with your insurer or state registration authority for specific procedures.

Does CTP cover me in other states?

Yes, but with conditions. If you are driving a vehicle registered in your home state, your CTP policy generally provides cover anywhere in Australia. However, if you are injured in an accident interstate, you may need to claim under your home state‘s scheme, which may have different benefit levels and rules. In some cases, you may need to claim under the accident state’s scheme. Always check your policy wording.

Do pensioners receive a discount on CTP?

In Victoria, eligible pensioners and concession card holders may receive a discount on the TAC charge. In NSW, pensioners may be eligible for automatic registration renewal, but green slip discounts are not automatic – check with your insurer. In other states, discounts vary; contact your state‘s registration authority for details.

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11. Final Thoughts from a Financial Expert

CTP insurance is not a choice – it is a legal requirement for every registered vehicle in Australia. But understanding how it works in your state, knowing what it covers (and what it does not), and actively managing your policy where choice exists can save you money and prevent dangerous gaps in your protection.

If you live in NSW, QLD, or SA, you have the power to choose your CTP insurer. Use it. Compare quotes at every renewal, because prices change frequently, and loyalty to one insurer rarely pays. A few minutes of comparison could save you $50 or more on a mandatory expense.

If you live in Victoria, WA, TAS, NT, or the ACT, you cannot choose your CTP insurer, but you can still take control of your overall insurance costs by ensuring you have appropriate third party property damage or comprehensive cover for vehicle damage. CTP alone leaves you dangerously exposed.

Above all, remember that CTP covers people, not property. The most common and costly mistake Australian drivers make is assuming CTP covers vehicle damage. It does not. Protect yourself financially by holding at least third party property damage insurance – and ideally comprehensive cover – alongside your mandatory CTP policy.

Driving is a privilege that comes with significant legal and financial responsibilities. Understanding CTP insurance is the first step toward meeting those responsibilities and protecting yourself, your passengers, and everyone else on the road.

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Disclaimer: This article provides general information only and does not constitute financial or legal advice. CTP insurance rules, premiums, and coverage vary by state and change over time. Always check your state’s registration authority website (Service NSW, VicRoads, Transport and Main Roads QLD, etc.) for current requirements and consider consulting a qualified insurance adviser for personalised advice tailored to your circumstances.

Driving without CTP is illegal. Driving with only CTP is risky. Review your cover today – compare green slip prices (NSW, QLD, SA) and add third party property or comprehensive insurance to protect yourself from the costs of vehicle damage.